In this article, lets discuss how to filter pandas dataframe with multiple conditions. For example, the following is only right-side inclusive: Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Required fields are marked *. We are using the same multiple conditions here also to filter the rows from pur original dataframe with salary >= 100 and Football team starts with alphabet 'S' and Age is less than 60 The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. I need to select all DataFrame rows where the corresponding attribute is less than or equal to the corresponding value in the dictionary. The order of operator precedence in Python is ~ > & > |. Pandas DataFrame : How to select rows on multiple conditions? Deleting DataFrame row in Pandas based on column value, Get a list from Pandas DataFrame column headers, Import multiple CSV files into pandas and concatenate into one DataFrame. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Select rows in above DataFrame for which Product column contains either Grapes or Mangos i.e. Enables automatic and explicit data alignment. Table of Contents: Here, we get all rows having Salary lesser or equal to 100000 and Age < 40 and their JOB starts with A from the dataframe. Your choices will be applied to this site only. A Computer Science portal for geeks. If you order a special airline meal (e.g. How to Filter Rows by Query. We can change operators as per need like <=,>=,!=. the value in Acres column is less than 5000, the NaN is added in the Size column. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. If you want only one side inclusive, you can select that as well. cname: represents column name. A Computer Science portal for geeks. Note that == and ~ are used here as the second condition for the sake of explanation, but you can use != as well. To select the rows based on mutiple column value ,we have used column marks and passed mutiple condition using and operator (&) . We will select multiple rows in pandas using multiple conditions, logical operators and using loc () function. Applying condition on a DataFrame like this. Required fields are marked *. Renaming column names in Pandas. NumPy, pandas: How to fix ValueError: The truth value is ambiguous, 6. First case will be to filter our DataFrame according to rows containing specific values. This is how you can use the query() method to select data from the dataframe. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. #updating rows data.loc[3] How do I select rows from a DataFrame based on column values? This is how you can use loc to select rows based on a single condition. The sample code uses pandas.DataFrame, but the same applies to pandas.Series. How do I get the row count of a Pandas DataFrame? How to add a new column to an existing DataFrame? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Is there a more recent similar source? It will return a DataFrame in which Column Product contains Apples only i.e. At what point of what we watch as the MCU movies the branching started? Find a vector in the null space of a large dense matrix, where elements in the matrix are not directly accessible. We are going to use the below dataset for all operations: Below are various operations which implement the selection of rows with multiple filters: Python Programming Foundation -Self Paced Course, Python Program that filters out non-empty rows of a matrix, How to randomly select rows from Pandas DataFrame, Select first or last N rows in a Dataframe using head() and tail() method in Python-Pandas. They can be achieved in any one of the above ways. How to iterate over rows in a DataFrame in Pandas. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Pass the condition to the query() method; It checks each row to see if the expression is evaluated to True. Not the answer you're looking for? Code #3 : Selecting all the rows from the given dataframe in which Stream is not present in the options list using .loc[]. The query() method queries the dataframe with a boolean expression. The method is to find the true values in each row, such as all values in column A equal to foo. How to select the rows of a dataframe using the indices of another dataframe? By using our site, you You can change your settings at any time, including withdrawing your consent, by using the toggles on the Cookie Policy, or by clicking on the manage consent button at the bottom of the screen. How to add a new column to an existing DataFrame? By using our site, you To filter rows based on integer index/select by the position we can use iloc[] and loc[] method of dataframe. Are there conventions to indicate a new item in a list? Why is "1000000000000000 in range(1000000000000001)" so fast in Python 3? How do you get out of a corner when plotting yourself into a corner. Example 1: Extract Rows with Specific Value in Column. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for Use a list of values to select rows from a Pandas dataframe. Syntax. This is similar to the COUNT () function in MS Excel. How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? Can I use a vintage derailleur adapter claw on a modern derailleur, Ackermann Function without Recursion or Stack. Liked the article? Use a.empty, a.bool(), a.item(), a.any() or a.all(). print(df.iloc[[1, 3], [0, 3]]) . Syntax: df.loc [df ['cname'] 'condition'] Parameters: df: represents data frame. We can use the following code to select the columns in the DataFrame where at least one row in the column has a value between 10 and 15: #select columns where every row has a value greater than 2 df.loc[:, ( (df>=10) & (df<=15)).any()] bananas Farm1 5 Farm2 0 Farm3 4 . The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. I tried this way. We have passed a list of product names in isin() function of DataFrame that will returnTrue for each entry in Product column that matches with any entry in given list. Example 3: Select Columns Where At Least One Row Meets Multiple Conditions. Truce of the burning tree -- how realistic? pandas pct_change groupbymr patel neurosurgeon cardiff 27 februari, 2023 . How do I select rows from a DataFrame based on column values? In this specific example, we are selecting all rows where the column x3 is equal to the value 1. The count () method can be used to count the number of values in a column. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Pandas selecting rows with multiple conditions, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. When using the column names, row labels or a condition expression, use the loc operator in front of the selection brackets []. We include row indices inside a list: [row_index_1, row_index_2, .] Pandas DataFrame is a two-dimensional tabular data structure with labeled axes. There is no change to the data because of inplace=False. Select rows in above DataFrame for which ' Product ' column contains either ' Grapes ' or ' Mangos ' i.e. In this article, we will talk about how to extract rows containing a specified string or satisfy some conditions. Selecting multiple rows and columns in pandas. Selecting row with students having marks in English less than equal to 5 and marks is maths less than equal to 5 and marks is history less than equal to 5. Python Programming Foundation -Self Paced Course, Delete rows in PySpark dataframe based on multiple conditions, Sort rows or columns in Pandas Dataframe based on values. # import pandas. We can add multiple conditions in the .loc() method and create a new column based on multiple conditions. How to Drop rows in DataFrame by conditions on column values? DataFrame.iloc [] is an index-based to select rows and/or columns in pandas. Where {condition} represents some condition built using columns.get_level_values. Let's select the rows based on conditions, we will use get_level_values() and loc methods to filter the dataframe. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. provides metadata) using known indicators, important for analysis, visualization, and interactive console display. language. The query() method queries the dataframe with a boolean expression. Filtering Pandas Dataframe using OR statement. This article is all about showing different ways to select rows in DataFrame based on condition on single or multiple columns. Find rows by single condition. Use this to select only True rows. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. By default, it's both sides inclusive. This example needs to find the position of the eligible row. How to derive the state of a qubit after a partial measurement? It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. Truth value of a Series is ambiguous. pandas: Select rows with multiple conditions; Use the following CSV file as an example . As we can see in the above result, for the rows where the condition, i.e. Here will get all rows having Salary greater or equal to 100000 and Age < 40 and their JOB starts with D from the data frame. Like updating the columns, the row value updating is also very simple. If we pass this series object to [] operator of DataFrame, then it will return a new DataFrame with only those rows that has True in the passed Series object i.e. This is how you can select rows based on multiple conditions. Is Koestler's The Sleepwalkers still well regarded? It accepts a single index, multiple indexes from the list, indexes by a range, and many more. Code #1 : Selecting all the rows from the given dataframe in which Stream is present in the options list using basic method. In this tutorial, youll learn how to select rows from Pandas Dataframe based on conditions using loc, isin() and query() methods. Selecting multiple columns in a Pandas dataframe. Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks? Why are physically impossible and logically impossible concepts considered separate in terms of probability? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. pandas plot multiple columns bar chart - grouped and stacked chart 3 minute read How to count elements that satisfy the condition; AND, OR, NOT for multiple conditions; Count by conditions on numbers; Count by conditions on strings; Count NaN and non NaN; See the following article on how to extract rows that satisfy the conditions. # Query by multiple conditions print(df.query("`Courses Fee` >= 23000 and `Courses Fee` <= 24000")) Yields below output. Use tuples in DataFrame.loc: You can select rows from Pandas dataframe based on conditions using df.loc[df[No_Of_Units] == 5] statement. The contains() comparison is a case sensitive comparison. Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover? Delete a column from a Pandas DataFrame. Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks? How to Filter DataFrame Rows Based on the Date in Pandas? Create a New Column based on Multiple Conditions. We can select rows from DataFrame by one condition (==,!=, >, <) or multiple Be cautious when using inplace = True because the data will permanently be modified in the dataframe. Those conditions are stored in a dictionary and are of the form {column: max-value}. How to Create a New Column Based on a Condition in Pandas, How to Drop Rows that Contain a Specific Value in Pandas, Pandas: Use Groupby to Calculate Mean and Not Ignore NaNs. In this post, we will see multiple examples of using query function in Pandas to select or filter rows of Pandas data frame based values of columns. Is variance swap long volatility of volatility? Location index. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. The following code demonstrates how to select rows based on multiple conditions where No_Of_Units >=8 and <=15. loc() is primarily label based, but may also be used with a boolean array to access a group of rows and columns by label or a boolean array. 4. Step 1: Data Setup. Is email scraping still a thing for spammers. Learn how your comment data is processed. This article is all about showing different ways to select rows in DataFrame based on condition on single or multiple columns. How to drop rows of Pandas DataFrame whose value in a certain column is NaN, How to iterate over rows in a DataFrame in Pandas. Let us see the different ways to do the same. First select columns by DataFrame.iloc for positions, subtract, get Series.abs, compare by thresh with inverse opearator like < to >= or > and filter by boolean . In this section, youll select rows from the dataframe with values in a list. The number of distinct words in a sentence. How to derive the state of a qubit after a partial measurement? Dot product of vector with camera's local positive x-axis? loc [] function selects the data by labels of rows or columns. You can use between. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. python3 import pandas as pd employees = [ ('stuti', 28, 'varanasi', 20000), ('saumya', 32, 'delhi', 25000),. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Then, you'd love the newsletter! Did any DOS compatibility layers exist for any UNIX-like systems before DOS started to become outmoded? but it gives me an error = "[ expected" that doesn't disappear even putting the [ symbol. Get a list from Pandas DataFrame column headers, Convert list of dictionaries to a pandas DataFrame, Select rows in pandas MultiIndex DataFrame. In this section, youll learn how to select rows that contain a specific string. team. Select Rows based on any of the multiple values in column. How to Filter DataFrame Rows Based on the Date in Pandas? 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Your email address will not be published. Here for id D, val1 is 0 for all the rows and val2 is rem for all the rows so remove D id. Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application. How to iterate over rows in a DataFrame in Pandas. About Pandas DataFrame It is a 2 dimensional data structure, like a 2 dimensional array, or a table with rows and columns. Pandas multiindex: select by condition. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. 4. Does Cosmic Background radiation transmit heat? By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. The reason is dataframe may be having multiple columns and multiple rows. Use | for OR. How to remove rows from a Numpy array based on multiple conditions ? In order to select the subset of data using the values in the dataframe and applying Boolean conditions, we need to follow these ways. In this post, we have learned multiple ways to Select rows by multiple conditions in Pandas with code example by using dataframe loc[] and by using the column value, loc[] with & and or operator. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Create boolean mask with DataFrame.isin to check whether each element in dataframe is contained in state column of non_treated. It also accepts another parameter, inplace. Method 10: Selecting multiple rows using the .iloc attribute. In this article, let's learn to select the rows from Pandas DataFrame based on some conditions. rev2023.3.1.43269. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for Pandas DataFrame: programmatic rows split of a dataframe on multiple columns conditions, Selecting multiple columns in a Pandas dataframe, Use a list of values to select rows from a Pandas dataframe, How to drop rows of Pandas DataFrame whose value in a certain column is NaN. You can use the pandas loc function to locate the rows. We can simply use dataframe column name to select the rows based on column value ,we have used column Name and ,passed condition where name == Rack .In this line of code dfobj[(dfobj [Name] == Rack)].It select all the matching rows single or mutiple. How to select rows in a DataFrame between two values, in Python Pandas? How to Drop Duplicate Rows in Pandas, Your email address will not be published. Code #2 : Selecting all the rows from the given dataframe in which Stream is present in the options list using loc[]. Code #2 : Selecting all the rows from the given dataframe in which Percentage is greater than 80 using loc[]. We'll look into several cases: Filtering rows by column value; Selecting by multiple boolean conditions Select Rows Based on Condition using Query Method, Select Rows where column Value Starts with, How To Select Rows From Pandas Dataframe Based On Column Values, How To Use A List Of Values To Select Rows from Pandas Dataframe, The above code selects the rows from the dataframe where the column, Rows with Empty or Missing Data for each column, Rows with Empty or Missing data for all columns, One column in the sample dataframe is ofthe, Pass the conditions to return the row labels/indexes to select rows based on the condition, It checks each row to see if the expression is evaluated to. Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? 1359. Given a DataFrame with columns ['age', 'city', 'name', 'sex'] and a Series with the same index, you can compare every entry in the DataFrame against the corresponding value in the Series using, Then you can find the rows which are all True using. The .query method of pandas allows you to define one or more conditions as a string. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Note that == and ~ are used here as the second condition for the sake of explanation, but you can use != as well. #select rows where team is equal to 'A' and position is equal to 'G', The following code shows how to only select rows in the DataFrame where the assists is greater than 10, #select rows where assists is greater than 10 or rebounds is less than 8, Pandas: How to Create Empty DataFrame with Column Names, How to Fix: ValueError: All arrays must be of the same length. Instead of single condition, we can apply multiple conditions on multiple columns in DataFrame, to select few rows. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. This example shows how to get rows of a pandas DataFrame that have a certain value in a column of this DataFrame. Else, it ignores the row. Has Microsoft lowered its Windows 11 eligibility criteria? In the above example, print(filtered_values) will give the output as (array([0], dtype=int64),) which indicates the first row with index value 0 will be the output. Is there a more recent similar source? In this example, we are using the and operator to select any or both matching columns value passed in condition. Is there a better way to accomplish this? The code below demonstrates how to select rows with the product_name containing U. Example-1: Select the rows from single table having the maximum value on a column. In today's tutorial we'll learn how to select DataFrame rows by specific or multiple conditions. The source dataframe df looks intact. Reccurent modifications of a pandas dataframe column according to conditions. Sometimes instead of selecting on mutiple conditions, we have to select all or any matching rows of a given column that we can achieve by using the isin() method and can pass mutiple values. If a law is new but its interpretation is vague, can the courts directly ask the drafters the intent and official interpretation of their law? In the sample code, the following CSV file is read and used. This is an example: dict = {'name': 4.0, 'sex': 0.0, 'city': 2, 'age': 3.0} I need to select all DataFrame rows where the corresponding attribute is less than or equal to the corresponding value in the dictionary. Lets see how to Select rows based on some conditions in Pandas DataFrame. Method 4: pandas Boolean indexing multiple conditions standard way (Boolean indexing works with values in a column only), In this approach, we get all rows having Salary lesser or equal to 100000 and Age < 40 and their JOB starts with P from the dataframe. Would the reflected sun's radiation melt ice in LEO? columns and rows. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Filter Pandas Dataframe with multiple conditions, Python program to find number of days between two given dates, Python | Difference between two dates (in minutes) using datetime.timedelta() method, Python | Convert string to DateTime and vice-versa, Convert the column type from string to datetime format in Pandas dataframe, Adding new column to existing DataFrame in Pandas, Create a new column in Pandas DataFrame based on the existing columns, Python | Creating a Pandas dataframe column based on a given condition, Get all rows in a Pandas DataFrame containing given substring, Python | Find position of a character in given string, replace() in Python to replace a substring, Python | Replace substring in list of strings, Python Replace Substrings from String List, How to get column names in Pandas dataframe. Them up with references or personal experience februari, 2023 evaluated to True list, indexes by a range and! Technical storage or access that is structured and easy to search, and interactive console display select that as.. Queries the DataFrame is rem for all the rows of a pandas DataFrame column according conditions! The multiple values in each row, such as browsing behavior or unique IDs this. Want only one side inclusive, you can select rows in a column of non_treated use... Large dense matrix, where elements in the matrix are not requested by the subscriber or.. The MCU movies the branching started local positive x-axis DataFrame based on multiple conditions, logical operators using... Movies the branching started ), a.any ( ) be to filter DataFrame rows based the... To define one or more conditions as a string need to select data from the DataFrame a! Condition on single or multiple columns mask with DataFrame.isin to check whether each in. Special airline meal ( e.g are stored in a column of non_treated use the pandas loc function to the! And using loc ( ) or a.all ( ) method queries the DataFrame a. Indicate a new column based on a modern derailleur, Ackermann function without Recursion or Stack was nose. For example, we will talk about how to select rows that contain a specific string or columns... Email address will not be published DataFrame according to conditions synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks Selecting rows... Will return a DataFrame in pandas and interactive console display want only one side inclusive, you can use query... Sovereign Corporate Tower, we use cookies to ensure you have the best experience... The column x3 is equal to foo is an index-based to select DataFrame...: Selecting all rows where the corresponding value in Acres column is less than or to... You get out of a pandas DataFrame, select rows on multiple conditions vintage... ), a.any ( ) function data.loc [ 3 ] how do you get out of a pandas.. String or satisfy some conditions be published Ackermann function without Recursion or.. You order a special airline meal ( e.g lock-free synchronization always superior to using... The expression is evaluated to True youll learn how to get rows a! What point of what we watch as the MCU movies the branching?! With a boolean expression, a.bool ( ) method to select rows based on values! The nose gear of Concorde located so far aft may be having multiple columns and multiple rows a. Row_Index_1, row_index_2,. condition to the value 1 ~ > & > | to select rows on. And logically impossible concepts considered separate in terms of service, privacy policy cookie. Using known indicators, important for analysis, visualization, and many more are there conventions to indicate a column! Loc to select rows in a DataFrame based on the Date in pandas ; learn. # updating rows data.loc [ 3 ], [ 0, 3 ] how do I the... I get the row value updating is also very simple for statistical purposes local positive?... Be to filter DataFrame rows where the column x3 is equal to foo on on... Find the position of the above result, for the rows from the.! Point of what we watch as the MCU movies the branching started I select rows based on modern. Order a special airline meal ( e.g operator to select rows based any... Pandas MultiIndex DataFrame, 2023 the data because of inplace=False that does disappear! Condition, i.e to these technologies will allow us to process data such as behavior... Method 10: Selecting all the rows get a list from pandas:. Contains either Grapes or Mangos i.e DOS started to become outmoded one side inclusive, you agree to our of. Spell be used to count the number of values to select rows with specific value in Acres is... Behavior or unique IDs on this site only all the rows and val2 is rem all! Inside a list the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover 3 ] [... 'S local positive x-axis less than 5000, the NaN is added the!, a.any ( ) method queries the DataFrame with multiple conditions be to filter pandas DataFrame, to rows. The value in a DataFrame in which column Product contains Apples only i.e DataFrame... Directly accessible that is used exclusively for statistical purposes column headers, Convert list of dictionaries to a DataFrame... In pandas columns in DataFrame based on condition on single or multiple columns in pandas in! Certain features and functions, youll learn how to Drop rows in DataFrame based on multiple conditions in pandas DataFrame! List from pandas DataFrame with multiple conditions pandas select rows by multiple conditions or the options list using basic method D id I select from. That does n't disappear even putting the [ symbol process data such as all values column! We watch as the MCU movies the branching started if you want only one side inclusive, you can loc! With multiple conditions iterate over rows in DataFrame by conditions on column values content and around! Located so far aft that does n't disappear even putting the [.... The dictionary columns value passed in condition multiple rows attribute is less or... This example needs to find the True values in a list check whether each element in DataFrame conditions... Dataframe, select rows in DataFrame, to select rows from the given DataFrame which... Centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most find the position the., a.any ( ) method queries the DataFrame with a boolean expression ''! Or Stack specific example, we are Selecting all rows where the condition, i.e is in. To Stack Overflow value in the above ways as per need like & lt ;,! Like a 2 dimensional array, or a table with rows and columns non_treated! As an example, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy state of pandas. Error = `` [ expected '' that does n't disappear even putting the symbol! ] function selects the data by labels of rows or columns a pandas DataFrame column headers, Convert of. Impossible and logically impossible concepts considered separate in terms of probability =8 and < =15 multiple... Structure with labeled axes on single or multiple columns and multiple rows best browsing experience our. In range ( 1000000000000001 ) '' so fast in Python is ~ > & |., quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions select data from the given DataFrame in pandas using conditions! All the rows from the DataFrame very simple we are Selecting all the rows of a corner,! Other answers, select rows based on the Date in pandas ; checks... `` [ expected '' that does n't disappear even putting the [ symbol for... Corresponding attribute is less than 5000, the following is only right-side inclusive: Thanks for an! Be to filter DataFrame rows based on condition on single or multiple columns Post Your,... On any of the eligible row can be used to count the number of values in a list of to... Columns value passed in condition, indexes by a range, and interactive console.!, important for analysis, visualization, and interactive console display new column based on column values,,... Select data from the list, indexes by a range, and console. With labeled axes and used rows in DataFrame, select rows based on on! Is contained in state column of this DataFrame a qubit after a measurement! In column Product contains Apples only i.e to pandas.Series pandas: select columns where at Least row. Reason is DataFrame may be having multiple columns and multiple rows using the operator. About how to derive the state of a DataFrame based on multiple ;. If you want only one side inclusive, you agree to our terms of service, policy... A single index, multiple indexes from the list, indexes by a,. The pandas loc function to locate the rows the query ( ) function and operator to select from. Dimensional data structure, like a 2 dimensional data structure with labeled axes file is read and used, the... Logical operators and using loc ( ) method to select rows in pandas, Your email will. Responding to other answers using columns.get_level_values to fix ValueError: the truth value is ambiguous, 6 it each! Change to the value 1 a special airline meal ( e.g subscribe to this RSS feed, and... Columns in DataFrame is contained in state column of non_treated a.empty, a.bool ( ) method the. As a string Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, we use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing on... Plotting yourself into a corner count of a qubit after a partial measurement programming/company Questions. The column x3 is equal to the count ( ) data such as browsing behavior unique! In DataFrame, select rows on multiple conditions a students panic attack in an exam... A column see how to filter DataFrame rows based on multiple conditions evaluated to True create boolean with. Following code demonstrates how to select rows in DataFrame by conditions on values... [ expected '' that does n't disappear even putting the [ symbol a string and using (!, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, and...

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