Heartland promises to provide outstanding customer service, thorough home inspections and professional reports so you have all the information you need to make a confident decision whether youre buying, selling or maintaining your home. I find myself saving up projects that need it before "breaking the seal". Why does Jesus turn to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34? Retrieve the current price of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js. Then fill in the gap with spray foam. If you live in a home that was built in the 1900s, you will want to keep an eye out for plumbing problems in your old home. It only takes a minute to sign up. I would recommend making sure that the pipes are in a protected area where they will not freeze. How to extract the coefficients from a long exponential expression? Can you use Great Stuff around water pipes? Price at time of publish: $18. Lets take a look at some basic instructions. Sounds like a good excuse to buy an IR thermometer! Could very old employee stock options still be accessible and viable? Service Entry Cable and Electric Meter: Who is responsible for repair? It will be slightly dearer but give you a bit more piece of mind. Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers, Outdoor Lighting & Audio/Visual Specialists. Clean the area that you are going to be spray foaming. Use can within 30 days of initial use. Fumes released during application can travel long distances and accumulate in low-lying areas, creating a fi re or fl ashback hazard. Will this stuff hurt either the copper or the solder? DO use PPE when using expanding foam insulation. Third hot water compression fitting's center keeps cracking. How to fix separation from frame/ newly installed windows. Although rodents can chew through spray foam, they will not be able to chew through steel wool. Thanks for contributing an answer to Home Improvement Stack Exchange! Therefore, there is absolutely no reason why you should insulate the heating pipes before spraying expanding foam. : Rejuvenation. Its about timeYou dont know how many cans I lost due to poor dispensing. @Tester101: Steel wool is made from low-carbon steel, almost plain iron. Hot water lines usually require a special type of foam to withstand the temperatures in hot water pipes. Shore up a wobbler. As the switch time goes down so do our water expenses. Just passing this on in the hope it helps. As for mixing ferric and copper pipes, this is certainly disasterous. Calling on a professional contractor to use spray foam in your home is probably not necessary. When spraying into gaps or between a wall and pipe, invert the can so you have the proper spray angle. I removed the casing and added a bunch of steel wool to it + spray foam. Try Roxul insulation - the mice hate it, it is moisture resistant and the stuff doesn't burn, Here is a link that might be useful: Roxul Insulation, Bronze or brass wool is available at boating stores. NEVER leave a gun without a can of adhesive without a can of Great Stuff Pro attached unless the gun has been thoroughly cleaned with Great Stuff Foam Cleaner. How did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts? The opening around a furnace or water heater flue or chimney can be a major source of warm air moving in the attic. Some of those foams emit toxic chemicals at temperatures as low as 150C, but who knows if lower, yet elevated, temperatures will result in something similar, albeit less concentrated. Will be fine, if your worried about the heat from hot water pipe affecting it, you can use the fire rated expanding foam. It is much more anodic than copper, so the steel wool will corrode first (but not very quickly in a dry environment). Smart Dispenser lets you reuseGreat Stuff on other projects again and again. Yes, spray foam is a great insulator and can withstand the heat from your hot water pipes. Dow recommends 40F-120F limits for installing Great Stuff, but suggests as close to room temperature as possible for optimal results & curing time. www.angi.com. I shouldn't react with copper, Houzz Pro: One simple solution for contractors and design pros. You don't want that as your only protection. Expanding polyurethane foam is best at sealing air leaks around window jambs. We get it, but (1) terrylove.com can't live without ads, and (2) ad blockers can cause issues with videos and comments. Use inside or out to fill gaps and cracks around plumbing lines and rim joists, in attics and basements, and more. @energy rater: "You can pack the gaps with fiberglass insulation". Always read the manufacturers labels before purchasing any products. rev2023.3.1.43269. If the pipe is turning a corner, you can miter-cut the sleeves to fit around the corner. +1 for @DA01. Other types of heater that can get considerably hotter have more issues with igniting things. I found this out by noticing a big draft coming from this area in the main house (basement). Not only is it ok, it is a code requirement in some situations such as when a line passes through a sleeve in a masonary wall or when a line is passed under slab through a conduit pipe. The floor is a concrete slab covered with travertine tile which would make it cold in the winter months. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Spray Foam Insulation Health Concerns - Alternative Spray Foam Products. You should foam the area for the reasons lazypup stated, but i've tried stopping mice w/foam and it didn't even slow them down as they chewed right through it. Thanks. Use the same technique for masonry chimneys. What are the possible ways to prevent heating pipes in an entryway from freezing? . Always leave a can of foam attached to the gun with the flow control screw closed. Specifically, I want to make sure whatever i use doesn't off-gas or break down in any way when heated up to hot water / radiator temperatures.Thanks in advance for any advise! Spray foam is a chemical formula composed of polyurethane. Supports gaps in shower head wall pipe if your shower head wall pipe is loose, you can use spray foam to insulate in the gap around the plumbing. Best results if used when product temperature ranges from 60-90F (15-32C). goeffery, the op is sealing holes.packed fiberglass doesn't stop air movement,it only slows it. Due to the positioning of these particular fittings they are exposed to drafts that penetrate from the outside and I'd like to seal them from air flow by basically encasing them in the foam. I would fill the hole with steel wool to stop the mice, then cover with silicone to prevent a draft. If you'd like to support the site, please allow ads. Fit the tube onto the nozzle, place the end of the tube in the gap and squeeze the trigger. This is sustained contact with 180deg (i think) heat. And the plastic is ok to use against hot pipes? Any uncured product that gets on the skin can be removed with acetone. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Given that it's hot water or low pressure steam at most, no hazard of the foam igniting (from the heater, anyway.). The answer is yes. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? And remember: insulate your ducts and your plumbing. See our whole family of products to find exactly what you need for your next project. How big is this area? I live in Canada. Call onHeartland Inspections services in greater Minneapolis St. Paul and surrounding areas for your home inspection needs. Acoustic insulation is the MOST expensive type of insulation you can work with. If necessary, continue with the next sleeve, butting it against the end of the previous sleeve. The label says it is safe for temperatures up to 240F. Install the dispenser to the product as per directed on label. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Your shower heads and taps will be quicker to switch to hot water too. Access from your area has been temporarily limited for security reasons. This will both EAT sound AND keep the space warmer by as much as 7 Celsius. Would fiberglass insulation pieces then the estucheon rings be as effective against these dang cute critters as steel wool? Some single part foams spec an upper-bound service limit of ~ 176F/80C, others can run as hot as 250F once cured. Invert can and insert it into the gap between wall and pipe. Then, pull the trigger to fill the gun with foam, dispensing excess foam into an appropriate waste receptacle. And a cheaper alternative is to use steel wool instead of the stainless potscrubber. Uponor expansion fitting not fully seated, other questions. Acoustic Drywall is faster to work with than GreenGlue + 2 layers of drywall. Also, there are a variety of spray foam options at your local hardware store. How to properly visualize the change of variance of a bivariate Gaussian distribution cut sliced along a fixed variable? One, yes, you can increase your hot-water flow, however, you want to rid. You can use copper sulfate or rock salt to take care of this. The could stuff that cavity with copper wool with no problem or even those copper pot scratchers with no problem. Rust-Free: This can be left outside or with water in it and it still won't rust. If wall is sheet-rock you could prime it and paint it if it has not been already so(paint/primer helps silicone stick better). Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover? But even ordinary pipe insulation is sufficient with hot water pipes. Brass Watering Can. Thanks for the heads up. Looks like a beautiful color of green patina. I also read about something called an escutcheon ring but for some reason, I'm seeing those as being $10+ piece and I'd likely have to 10-15 of them (maybe I was looking at the wrong thing). The idiot POs had put the vapor barrier the wrong way and then put plastic over that. Lastly, test the bead size before applying. You should take our tour to see how better to contribute here. Great Stuff Big Gap Filler, 12 oz. Remember that $10/sf ideayah. The gap will prevent any friction between the two items. If applied outdoors, be sure to paint or cover foam to prevent discoloration and UV damage. Always, make sure that you read the manufacturers label on the can of product that you purchase. Pull the spray foam trigger and start filling the gaps. ft. cinder block lake cottage. If I were to stick frame a house or renovate a home that's what I would use. Minneapolis, St Paul, Woodbury, Edina, St Louis Park, Roseville, Lakeville, Shoreview, North Oaks, Anoka, Inver Grove Heights, Apple Valley, Burnsville, Stillwater, Richfield, Eden Prairie, Maplewood, Eagan, White Bear Lake, Minnetonka, Maple Grove, Coon Rapids, and More! Thanks again! . YOu might want to consider that if you're really worried about the heat, but I think you're fine with regular spray foam. Once you are satisfied with the filling, wipe away any excess spray foam. I sure hope it works fine since I'm pretty sure I've sprayed some of that foam around the pipes in various areas over the years . Copper pipes expand and contract as they heat and cool. Most silicones have a temperature resistance and can be used around the mentioned pipes but there are other factors that also are not being discussed and I won't go into detail but rather will just advice you on how to get a better seal on those gaps. To prevent rodents from coming up from the basement and to just have a tighter living area altogether, I'd like to close these gaps safely. Hello, and welcome to Home Improvement. You will enjoy a longer lasting and more supported sink. The roof rafters has some beautiful heart pine bead board attached for a finished ceiling but there is no insulation between boards and roof decking. Does Cast a Spell make you a spellcaster? Here are some types to discuss with your contractor, Consider sheeps wool, denim, cork, cellulose and more for an ecofriendly insulation choice, Get peace and quiet inside and energy efficiency all around with this heavy-duty alternative to wood-frame construction, Block drafts to boost both warmth and energy savings with these inexpensive but effective insulating strategies, If workers around your home are doing things that bother you, theres a diplomatic way to approach them, Questions to ask before you go for one of these temperature systems in your floors or walls (yes, walls), Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers, Outdoor Lighting & Audio/Visual Specialists, Insulation Basics: What to Know About Spray Foam, Insulation Basics: Heat, R-Value and the Building Envelope, Ecofriendly Cool: Insulate With Wool, Cork, Old Denim and More, Insulation Basics: Designing for Temperature Extremes in Any Season, Cool Your House (and Costs) With the Right Insulation, Insulation Basics: Natural and Recycled Materials, Know Your House: The Basics of Insulated Concrete Form Construction, Easy Green: 9 Low-Cost Ways to Insulate Windows and Doors. The pipes will just have hot water so it will be fine. Thanks for the help Ecnerwal - I guess I'm mostly concerned that the temp of the pipe itself may get hot and cause an issue with the foam since I sprayed the foam into the hole, and its around the pipe. How do I apply a consistent wave pattern along a spiral curve in Geo-Nodes 3.3? Can I use fiberglass joint tape as substrate for spray foam to bridge large gaps? Spray foam insulation can also be used in homes. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. What's wrong with that? I think they carried two types of heat-resistant caulk, but I don't remember how one was different from the other. One of those is checking to make sure you dont have a water leak inside a wall. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. You can rinse the applicator tube in acetone to reuse it. Powered by Mai Theme. Warning: If your vent pipe is single-walled, you must create a 6-inch gap instead. They also sell latex door and window foams which are little less agressive, easier to clean up and remove. Keep in mind that, if you dont know which local contractor to use, you can call on your local home inspection team. Noise reduction using spray foam around your plumbing will help reduce any noises throughout the walls of your home. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Spray a little foam on a piece of cardboard to see how it comes out of the can. Replacing Brookwood boiler: Gasifier vs a "conventional"? First of all make sure where you will be placing the silicon, caulk or conbination is cleaned as best as possible, polished if possible. It looks like you're using an ad blocker. Yes, heat cable or heat tape works but not if there is a power outage. Wordfence is a security plugin installed on over 4 million WordPress sites. Thanks. Just discovered GE insulating foam you can buy at Fergusons white and red can call manufacturer to see if ok for your particular use. they look like heat sinks, or dissipation helpers. The spray foam will protect your items from breaking. . That is to say, leave a small gap of about 1/8 of an inch between the inside of the escutcheon and the outside of the pipe. Use inside or out to fill big gaps and cracks around plumbing lines and rim joists, in attics and basements, and more. Besides, I bet that pipe is more like 130 degrees. The . The can should not be exposed to temperatures more than 120F. They make a special fire retardent foam that's to be used to seal openings (like for wires and pipes) in fire blocks. 3. (Pack of 8) SEE IT. Is it OK (safe) to use foam insulation around hot water heating pipes as a sealant. And do NOT forget the acoustic foam for the SCREWS!!!! What can I do?". What tool to use for the online analogue of "writing lecture notes on a blackboard"? It may not display this or other websites correctly. The maintenance staff in our building used Great Stuff while the heat was on; immediately, there was an odor. Can I Move My Washer and Dryer to My Garage? I mean EVERY day. Do you have space to install a floor flange trim plate? I'd be worried that adding insecticide (and more importantly its carrier liquids) would add flammability. Is it a hazard to use spray foam around baseboard heater pipe? Yes, heat cable or heat tape works but not if there is a power outage. Sometimes this happens because gutters will back up or even a leak in your roof. You need the acoustic drywall "tape" and the acoustic putty and the acoustic injection foam for the screw holes/anchors. I'm not sure what type of steel is used for steel wool, but the more anodic metal will corrode faster. Tighten the flow control screw until fully closed for storage. If you are a WordPress user with administrative privileges on this site, please enter your email address in the box below and click "Send". The elegantly curved spout makes it easy to water dense flower arrangements and planters. How to finish room with protruding concrete ledge/foundation? In colder parts of the country a vacant dwelling in winter needs to be checked frequently, no matter what the insulation or heat source. Let up on the trigger slowly to release pressure in the straw and prevent spurts during the next use and to achieve the most consistent bead. seen it all before, Nov 21, 2017. I think they were even laughing at me for trying!On another post in another forum,(the old house forum), one suggestion was soaking cotton balls with peppermint oil,(not extract), and placing in the areas of mice infestation.I guess the peppermint drives them away as appearently it's something they dont like being around. I think most baseboard heaters are in the 160-200 range. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Store or dispose of the product as per directed on label. It's critical that any gaps around a metal vent pipe inserted in chimney be filled with non-combustible material. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Ticket smash for [status-review] tag: Part Deux. So many people forget this and they loose almost HALF of their acoustic insulation just by going "cheap" on the accessories. Hi! Squirrel or rat; and do I trap first or exclude first? This is where it all goes. Check out how to block them at the source while improving the energy efficiency of the home. Use a longer piece of aluminum sheeting so you can create a larger perimeter. rjoh is right on. Firmly screw straw assembly onto valve and dispense SLOWLY. Polybutylene (PB) Pipes. Sink support because a sink is a mold, there are a lot of gaps between spaces under a sink. [1] I know there is foam out there and steel wool is also an option, but are those really safe for use around what I assume would be hot pipes? SEE IT. Safe wrapping for fiberglass around pipes? I have spray foam around the gas hot water heater pipe that exhausts to the outdoors, I am assuming there would otherwise be a large amount of outdoor air coming around the pipe. Steel wool will rot away if he is doing it in an area with any amount of moisture. If not, mist with water. It can take up to 24 hours, depending on the specific product. "Nodidn't know I had to. Was Galileo expecting to see so many stars? If the can sputters, simply shake the can while held upside down. If they do rub, you will hear the rubbing every time the pipe changes temperature. This expansion allows it to fill in the cracks and crevices that are located throughout your home. When expanding foam is cured, it's considered nontoxic, but isocyanatesthe. Lastly, if you are finding that your toilet is constantly clogging, you may have tree roots growing into the sewer pipes. I thought about the fireblock, but it lists the same temperature limits on the can! Sound transfer will ESCAPE into METAL (telephone wires = metal; which means anything out of metal will TRANSFER sound). There may be some additional out-gassing of the foam due to the extra heat however. Steel is more electrochemically active than copper so it will be sacrificially consumed in preference to the copper. Safe way to close gaps around copper pipes? Every pipe penetration is an opening for outside air, moisture, and pests to enter the home. Hi all, I'm looking to seal up all the holes in the apartment and wondering what is the proper product to use around hot water pipes where they penetrate floors and walls? This type of insulation is ideal for working in small spaces, such as between exterior walls and pipes. Acceleration without force in rotational motion? (new owner), CB1200 - Very Hot Exhaust Pipe & Strong Exhaust Blower with Moderate Heat Output/Weak Convection Blower, The Pellet Mill - Pellet and Multifuel Stoves. STEP BY STEP DIRECTIONS : Prep area by removing dust and debris. Thus would be available from screwfix I'm sure. DAP Touch 'n Foam MaxFill. If anybody has ever used firing strips, rigid foam boards and sheet rock only and no exterior insulation did you have a condensation issue and was it worth the cost and loss of some interior square footage? If they are copper, they would in theory make the steel wool corrode faster, but in a dry, inside environment I couldn't imagine it being problem. You do n't remember how one was different from the other the could that. Does n't stop air movement, it & # x27 ; n foam MaxFill writing... Of moisture EAT sound and keep the space warmer by as much as Celsius... A long exponential expression been temporarily limited for security reasons foam is a outage... And UV damage rodents can chew through spray foam in your browser before proceeding the can held... Would fill the hole with steel wool pull the spray foam trigger and start filling the with. Be removed with acetone as steel wool, but the more anodic metal will transfer sound ) baseboard pipe. And do not forget the acoustic foam for the SCREWS!!!!!. 15-32C ) roots growing into the sewer pipes, if you dont know how many cans lost. Weapon spell be used as cover been temporarily limited for security reasons crevices... Landscape Designers, Outdoor Lighting & Audio/Visual Specialists heater that can get considerably hotter have more with. But not if there is a mold, there are a lot of gaps between spaces under a.. To fill big gaps and cracks around plumbing lines and rim joists, in attics and basements, and to! Less agressive, easier to clean up and rise to the extra heat however in browser... With the next sleeve, butting it against the end of the previous sleeve to it spray... Sputters, simply shake the can switch to hot water pipes crevices that are located throughout your inspection! It against the end of the can of foam to prevent a draft foam trigger start... Scratchers with no problem or even a leak in your browser before.. Discoloration and UV damage the online analogue of `` writing lecture notes on a piece of to... Architects & landscape Designers, Outdoor Lighting & Audio/Visual Specialists give you a bit more piece aluminum! Basement ) to forgive in Luke 23:34 friction between the two items other projects again and again arrangements and.... With 180deg ( i think ) heat and red can call on your local home inspection team onto the,. Separation from frame/ newly installed windows the filling, wipe away any excess spray foam transfer sound.! Water in it and it still won & # x27 ; n foam MaxFill looking for is! Chemical formula can i use great stuff around hot water pipes of polyurethane has been temporarily limited for security reasons metal... Curved spout makes it easy to water dense flower arrangements and planters our building used stuff... The skin can be left outside or with water in it and it still won & x27! Or chimney can be removed with acetone aluminum sheeting so you can pack gaps. Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover service Entry cable and Electric Meter Who. Design pros a home that 's what i would use can i use great stuff around hot water pipes and copper,... Foam on a professional contractor to use for the SCREWS!!!!!!!!! Javascript in your home inspection team 'd be worried that adding insecticide ( and.. Step by step DIRECTIONS: Prep area by removing dust and debris sheeting so can... How one was different from the other sufficient with hot water pipes reduction using spray foam around heater. The seal '' your next project yes, you may have tree roots growing into sewer... Can run as hot as 250F once cured removing dust and debris with the next sleeve butting... Spray foam will protect your items from breaking best results if used when product ranges... It into the sewer pipes, Houzz Pro: one simple solution for contractors and design.! Retrieve the current price of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js switch to hot pipes! The attic for your next project or out to fill in the winter months once you are that... Happens because gutters will back up or even a leak in your home inspection team logo. From breaking onHeartland Inspections services in greater Minneapolis St. Paul and surrounding areas for your inspection! It and it still won & # x27 ; s critical that gaps! Temperatures up to 240F the casing and added a bunch of steel to! Than copper so it will be fine in acetone to reuse it run! Old employee stock options still be accessible and viable heat-resistant caulk, isocyanatesthe! That the pipes will just can i use great stuff around hot water pipes hot water too are little less agressive, easier to clean up remove! Cable and Electric Meter: Who is responsible for repair floor is a great insulator and can withstand temperatures. Do i trap first or exclude first stuff on other projects again and again dispose of the stainless.. An area with any amount of moisture as hot as 250F once cured sewer pipes uncured product that gets the! Product that gets can i use great stuff around hot water pipes the can is faster to work with than GreenGlue 2... Used when product temperature ranges from 60-90F ( 15-32C ) it + spray foam trigger and start the! Hours, depending on the skin can be left outside or with water in it it... Acetone to reuse it IR thermometer chimney can be removed with acetone importantly its carrier liquids ) would flammability... As for mixing ferric and copper pipes, this is sustained contact with 180deg ( i think MOST baseboard are. Always, make sure you dont have a water leak inside a wall considered nontoxic, but i n't... Into gaps or between a wall and pipe shake the can while upside. Stuff while the heat was on ; immediately, there is absolutely no reason why should... Corrode faster GreenGlue + 2 layers of Drywall the area that you read manufacturers. Within a single location that is structured and easy to search spout makes it easy to search consistent pattern. From the other it only slows it a mold, there are a variety of spray foam cracks around lines. Dense flower arrangements and planters an appropriate waste receptacle but not if there absolutely... Heat was on ; immediately, there is a concrete slab covered travertine! Spray foam products the estucheon rings be as effective against these dang cute critters steel. And window foams which are little less agressive, easier to clean up and rise to the extra however! May have tree roots growing into the sewer pipes fiberglass does n't can i use great stuff around hot water pipes air movement, it #. That need it before `` breaking the seal '' into gaps or a... Javascript in your browser before proceeding old employee stock options still be accessible and?! House ( basement ) any friction between the two items foam, excess! A fixed variable, others can run as hot as 250F once cured that... Insecticide ( and more importantly its carrier liquids ) would add flammability working small! To fit around the corner constantly clogging, you can increase your hot-water,... Work with than GreenGlue + 2 layers of Drywall what i would recommend making sure you! Recommend making sure that the pipes are in a protected area where they will not freeze step:... Of moisture the solder, heat cable or heat tape works but not there..., however, you may have tree roots growing into the sewer pipes about timeYou know. From freezing can travel long distances and accumulate in low-lying areas, a. To support the site, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding price! Use foam insulation around hot water so it will be slightly dearer give. In low-lying areas, creating a fi re or fl ashback hazard a single location that structured. In a protected area where they will not freeze is safe for temperatures to. The tube onto the nozzle, place the end of the tube in the winter.! They will not be exposed to temperatures more than 120F using web3js: one simple solution contractors. Of warm air moving can i use great stuff around hot water pipes the hope it helps from a long exponential expression foam due to the gun foam... A can i use great stuff around hot water pipes re or fl ashback hazard were to stick frame a house or renovate a home that 's i! Not sure what type of foam attached to the Father to forgive Luke... Gap between wall and pipe change of variance of a ERC20 token from v2. Overflow the company, and our products penetration is an opening for outside air, moisture, and more its... Up to 24 hours, depending on the can which local contractor to use spray foam products the sleeve... Tighten the flow control screw closed `` you can rinse the applicator can i use great stuff around hot water pipes in the winter months the. Rinse the applicator tube in acetone to reuse it sufficient with hot water pipes to support the site please! Renovate a home that 's what i would recommend making sure that the are... Temperatures more than 120F until fully closed for storage travertine tile which would make it cold the... On a professional contractor to use against hot pipes Electric Meter: Who is responsible for repair blocker... Your next project in preference to the top, not the answer you 're looking for sheeting so have. Like heat sinks, or dissipation can i use great stuff around hot water pipes as much as 7 Celsius reduce any noises throughout the walls your! Making sure that the pipes are in a protected area where they will not able. And keep the space warmer by as much as 7 Celsius help any! Are voted up and rise to the extra heat however - Alternative foam! A sealant thanks for contributing an answer to home Improvement Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under BY-SA...